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In music, noise is variously described as unpitched, indeterminate, uncontrolled, loud, unmusical, or unwanted sound. Noise is an important component of the sound of the human voice and all musical instruments, particularly in unpitched percussion instruments and electric guitars (using distortion). Electronic instruments create various colours of noise. Traditional uses of noise are unrestricted, using all the frequencies associated with pitch and timbre, such as the white noise component of a drum roll on a snare drum, or the transients present in the prefix of the sounds of some organ pipes. The influence of modernism in the early 20th century lead composers such as Edgar Varese to explore the use of noise-based sonorities in an orchestral setting. In the same period the Italian Futurist Luigi Russolo created a "noise orchestra" using instruments he called intonarumori. Later in the 20th century the term noise music came to refer to works consisting primarily of noise-based sound. In more general usage, noise is any unwanted sound or signal. In this sense, even sounds that would be perceived as musically ordinary in another context become noise if they interfere with the reception of a message desired by the receiver.〔Attali 1985, 27.〕 Prevention and reduction of unwanted sound, from tape hiss to squeaking bass drum pedals, is important in many musical pursuits, but noise is also used creatively in many ways, and in some way in nearly all genres. ==Definition of noise== In conventional musical practices sounds that are considered ''unmusical'' tend to be treated as noise.〔Scholes 1970, 10, 686.〕 ''Oscillations and Waves'' defines noise as irregular vibrations of an object, in contrast to the periodical, patterned structure of music.〔Reddy, Badami, Balasubramanian 1994, 206.〕 More broadly, electrical engineering professor Bart Kosko in the introductory chapter of his book ''Noise'' defines noise as a "signal we don't like."〔Kosko 2006, 3.〕 Paul Hegarty, a lecturer and noise musician, likewise assigns a subjective value to noise, writing that "noise is a judgment, a social one, based on unacceptability, the breaking of norms and a fear of violence."〔Hegarty 2006.〕 Composer and music educator R. Murray Schafer divided noise into four categories: Unwanted noise, unmusical sound, any loud system, and a disturbance in any signaling system.〔Kouvaras 2013.〕 In regard to what is noise as opposed to music, Robert Fink in ''The Origin of Music: A Theory of the Universal Development of Music'' claims that while cultural theories view the difference between noise and music as purely the result of social forces, habit, and custom, "everywhere in history we see man making some selections of some sounds as noise, certain other sounds as music, and in the ''overall development'' of all cultures, this distinction is made around the ''same'' sounds."〔Fink 1981, 25.〕 However, musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez considers the difference between noise and music nebulous, explaining that "The border between music and noise is always culturally defined—which implies that, even within a single society, this border does not always pass through the same place; in short, there is rarely a consensus ... By all accounts there is no ''single'' and ''intercultural'' universal concept defining what music might be."〔Nattiez 1990, 48, 55.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Noise in music」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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